Thursday 1 December 2016
Tuesday 9 August 2016
Old Age, Youth, And Family Life
Old Age
'Nothing to look backward to with pride,
And nothing to look forward to, with hope.' - Robert Frost.
This is the plight of many, in old age.
Are you old or you think the old age is still far away?
* Old age begins, when we live in our past memories.
If only we could create fresh memories everyday!
Then we don't have to repeat old anecdotes in get-togethers.
* Old age also begins, when we have rigid habits.
Flexibility in views, and habits is an antidote to old age.
Flexibility to tolerate others' views is an antidote to old age.
Pangs of loneliness in old age are omnipresent.
Having played the role, senior citizens are literally waiting for His call.
Society is busy attending the new nurseries.
Pension or old age lollipops degenerate us psychologically.
Let's attempt to play proactively, and contribute positively in the society.
Youth And Long Term Relationships
It is easy to nurture short term friendship.
A honeymoon period, is always sweet.
Trouble begins only in long term relationships.
Familiarity brings in casualness, and in some cases contempt as well.
We divorce and marry again in search of happiness.
Only to divorce again!
Conditional Friendship/Relationship
After decades of friendship, my friend decided to terminate the friendship.
My friend wanted exclusive rights on our friendship.
'My best friend is one, who tries to bring out the best in me.' - Henry Ford.
More often than not, people don't believe in sharing life.
A conditional friendship, is no friendship.
A relationship which manipulates division or isolation within a family is no friendship.
Nagging implies non-stop bombarding the friend, with negative comments, and never appreciating.
A friend encourages as well as corrects, when wrong..
Thus a child loves the mother.
A Possible Solution
* If only we could be a friend to: parents, siblings, spouse, children, grandparents, and grandchildren!
It would cut down loneliness within.
* To 'expect' from others in old age results in being dependent on others.
We are no longer a leader in family affairs.
A leader is always independent, financially, and emotionally.
He/she may provide support to others.
So cut down expectations from others.
* Institutions of marriage and family are inventions of humanity.
We should be proud of our heritage.
These traditions are in danger of extinction,
Just because we are unable to inculcate 'tolerance', and control our ego clashes.
If we love our children, they don't deserve broken homes.
God bless us all.
Harmony at Home - Crucial for Family Development
Harmony at home is a crucial factor if the members of the family
wish its development collectively and individually. If the purpose of
the family unit is to reproduce, bring up, educate, share and care the
off springs, nothing of these could be successful if it loses harmony
within. If the home life is a troubled or confused one, in consequence
the same would be reflected in the work he does. No self or family
development is possible if there is discord and disharmony at home.
Harmony between father and mother, parents and off springs and among
siblings should prevail in abundance for the development of the family.
Misconception or misunderstanding, lack of communication, forgetting and negligence of individual responsibilities towards each other, selfishness, lack of patience and lack of love are some of the causes for the discord and disharmony at home. Everybody in the family should be aware of his or her duties and responsibilities towards the other. Even Little children should be assigned some of the suitable responsibilities of the family. Expenditures should be according to the revenue. What is expected from one should not be beyond his capacity. In male dominated societies, attempt to reverse the position from father to mother would result in discord and disharmony in the family.
When there is no harmony in the family, in spite of the development, one can see the deterioration in the every aspect of the family. Frequent quarreling between husband and wife, hindrance to children's education, scattered family situation, children becoming victims of the bad society, getting addicted to drugs and alcohol by father and male children of the family, prostitution are some of the bad consequences of the discord and disharmony of the family.
When husband respect the rights of wife and children of the family and when he understands and fulfills his responsibilities for them and when wife also does her part understanding and respecting rights of others in the family, happiness begins to prevail. Children will be happy and they will continue their education successfully and their future will be secured. When there is peace in the family, they have good chance of doing their businesses and their jobs well and thereby their revenues also will increase. When the harmony prevails in the family, the mental and physical health of the members of the family will become favorable. Therefore in conclusion, if a family wishes its development all the members should act in a way that preserve the harmony and peace of it.
Misconception or misunderstanding, lack of communication, forgetting and negligence of individual responsibilities towards each other, selfishness, lack of patience and lack of love are some of the causes for the discord and disharmony at home. Everybody in the family should be aware of his or her duties and responsibilities towards the other. Even Little children should be assigned some of the suitable responsibilities of the family. Expenditures should be according to the revenue. What is expected from one should not be beyond his capacity. In male dominated societies, attempt to reverse the position from father to mother would result in discord and disharmony in the family.
When there is no harmony in the family, in spite of the development, one can see the deterioration in the every aspect of the family. Frequent quarreling between husband and wife, hindrance to children's education, scattered family situation, children becoming victims of the bad society, getting addicted to drugs and alcohol by father and male children of the family, prostitution are some of the bad consequences of the discord and disharmony of the family.
When husband respect the rights of wife and children of the family and when he understands and fulfills his responsibilities for them and when wife also does her part understanding and respecting rights of others in the family, happiness begins to prevail. Children will be happy and they will continue their education successfully and their future will be secured. When there is peace in the family, they have good chance of doing their businesses and their jobs well and thereby their revenues also will increase. When the harmony prevails in the family, the mental and physical health of the members of the family will become favorable. Therefore in conclusion, if a family wishes its development all the members should act in a way that preserve the harmony and peace of it.
The Exchange of Presents Demands Your Presence
The Exchange of Presents Demands your Presence
Tis the season for presents/presence and there is no better time of year to practice both the giving of your heart as well as the giving of your attention.
Have you ever noticed, I mean really truly noticed that when you give a gift to someone you feel as excited and/or nervous to give as the person feels to receive?
There is anxiety: will he/she really like what I chose to give, there is anticipation: Oh I can't wait for him/her to open my gift, there is heart: I really paid attention this year to what he/she said they needed. If you are prone to just hand a gift to someone and allow distraction to take you away from the actual opening of the gift then you are missing out on all the magic of that moment. Being in the present with the person receiving a gift is a gift itself.
Where in your body do you feel this anxiety, anticipation and/or generosity?
In what ways is your energy transferring to those around you?
It's an amazing connection, a coming together moment for the giver and receiver, where synchronicity is so aligned only the uninterrupted presence of awareness in the opening of the gift, the present, could break the bond. It is the height of mindfulness or intentional attention. How many times during the year do we use intentional attention in our daily lives?
"To allow ourselves to be truly in touch with where we already are, no matter where that is, we have got to pause in our experience long enough to let the present moment sink in; long enough to actually feel the present moment, to see it in its fullness, to hold it in awareness and thereby come to know and understand it better."
Jon Kabat-Zinn, Wherever You Go, There You Are
The question is how can we give ourselves the present of presence all the time? It's a magical feeling to be so engrossed in the moment of giving that we don't pay attention to time or space or what comes next. This deep concentration, this deep immersion of presence is called flow and scientists believe that the pathway toward inner peace and happier human beings is through these flow moments where we are so absorbed in the moment we occupy that there is no room for past or future. Author and psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Ph.D., considered by some to the be the father of the concept of flow, says,
"Flow experiences occur in different ways for each person. Some might experience flow while doing a sport such as running or playing tennis and some might experience flow while playing an instrument. Some people might experience flow in the simple act of giving a gift whether it be an actual gift to unwrap or the act of volunteering and giving of their time and energy."
If you are ever in a situation where you want to get a handle on what is happening in this exact moment, breathe. Practicing presence is as simple as deep breathing. Your breath is always with you and you can stop in the middle of everything you are busy with to take purposeful breaths and calm your brain and your heart and your spirit and create focus and intentional attention.
There are more ways to give yourself the present of presence. Here are a few to take with you in your bag of goodies this holiday season:
"... the concentration is usually possible because the task undertaken has clear goals and provides immediate feedback."
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
Turn off your thinking mind and tune into your now mind. The health benefits of mastering being in the here and now are significant. According to an article published on an eco institute site "these health benefits include a reduction in stress which we all know reduces the risk for heart disease, lowering blood pressure, reducing recurring pain, and is a boost for our immune system. This boost is accomplished by increasing our antibodies and brain function by our body's response to our thoughts both positive and negative."
You won't be leaving anything important behind if: You let go of old thoughts or let go of what if thoughts. You will however be gaining awareness and color and vibrancy in the moment you occupy by accepting what is happening right this moment and all this moment is giving to you.
Let go of the Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda mindset: Each new moment that presents its gift to you has the ability to be a gift for your heart and soul. Give in to what is being offered by enveloping yourself in the passion, authenticity and energy of now. By letting go of your expectation of what the moment could or should or would bring, allow the moment to unfold in all its organic splendor and guide you.
No Restrictions. In helping my clients set goals and create their own avenues of accountability we create if/then statements. For example: A client wants to lose 10 pounds by the end of the month. The if/then statement might say, "If I feel like having a sugary snack after dinner then I will drink a hot apple cider or munch on an apple instead." In the present or gift of presence this would be the one time when your prepared mind could hinder complete flow of enjoyment. Let go of the if/then thinking and align your mind with the here/now thinking. Notice how much more rich and emotional the here/now mind perceives life in its raw and real time. If/then changes your course and forces you to control the gift of the present which then has the potential to control the outcome. Here/now allows you to just enjoy flow in the moment for what it is without the stress of barriers or diversion.
Sense your way to presence. Play a mind game with yourself by paying attention to each of your senses, one at a time. This activity is great practice for presence and being mindful of the here and now. Pay attention to your breath, carefully watch how your hands touch things, observe what is going on right in front of you, concentrate on the smells all around you and see if you can name them, really dissect the flavors of your next meal, listen carefully when someone is speaking to you and try to detect the many levels of emotion being used in the conversation.
Purposefully create daily moments of presence. Go a different route home from work, eat lunch in a different location or pack a lunch that is different than what you normally eat, skip lunch completely and pamper yourself instead, take your hobby with you wherever you go and work on it at least once during the day away from home, learn something new today and bring it up in conversation. The opportunity for an awe moment is created in being present with intentional attention.
In the winter time I enjoy washing the dishes, even with dish gloves on because I am so comforted by the warm water cuddling my cold hands. It is a daily, year round chore but at this time of year the cold is a stark reminder of the blessing of heat. My appreciation level for warm water and keeping my family healthy soars. I find myself actually looking forward to this chore and instead of washing dishes 3 or 4 times a day to keep up with the mess I let it pile up so that I can spend real time appreciating the warmth. Bizarre, I know, but the presence it creates is magical.
Tis the season for presents/presence and there is no better time of year to practice both the giving of your heart as well as the giving of your attention.
Have you ever noticed, I mean really truly noticed that when you give a gift to someone you feel as excited and/or nervous to give as the person feels to receive?
There is anxiety: will he/she really like what I chose to give, there is anticipation: Oh I can't wait for him/her to open my gift, there is heart: I really paid attention this year to what he/she said they needed. If you are prone to just hand a gift to someone and allow distraction to take you away from the actual opening of the gift then you are missing out on all the magic of that moment. Being in the present with the person receiving a gift is a gift itself.
Where in your body do you feel this anxiety, anticipation and/or generosity?
In what ways is your energy transferring to those around you?
It's an amazing connection, a coming together moment for the giver and receiver, where synchronicity is so aligned only the uninterrupted presence of awareness in the opening of the gift, the present, could break the bond. It is the height of mindfulness or intentional attention. How many times during the year do we use intentional attention in our daily lives?
"To allow ourselves to be truly in touch with where we already are, no matter where that is, we have got to pause in our experience long enough to let the present moment sink in; long enough to actually feel the present moment, to see it in its fullness, to hold it in awareness and thereby come to know and understand it better."
Jon Kabat-Zinn, Wherever You Go, There You Are
The question is how can we give ourselves the present of presence all the time? It's a magical feeling to be so engrossed in the moment of giving that we don't pay attention to time or space or what comes next. This deep concentration, this deep immersion of presence is called flow and scientists believe that the pathway toward inner peace and happier human beings is through these flow moments where we are so absorbed in the moment we occupy that there is no room for past or future. Author and psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Ph.D., considered by some to the be the father of the concept of flow, says,
"Flow experiences occur in different ways for each person. Some might experience flow while doing a sport such as running or playing tennis and some might experience flow while playing an instrument. Some people might experience flow in the simple act of giving a gift whether it be an actual gift to unwrap or the act of volunteering and giving of their time and energy."
If you are ever in a situation where you want to get a handle on what is happening in this exact moment, breathe. Practicing presence is as simple as deep breathing. Your breath is always with you and you can stop in the middle of everything you are busy with to take purposeful breaths and calm your brain and your heart and your spirit and create focus and intentional attention.
There are more ways to give yourself the present of presence. Here are a few to take with you in your bag of goodies this holiday season:
"... the concentration is usually possible because the task undertaken has clear goals and provides immediate feedback."
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
Turn off your thinking mind and tune into your now mind. The health benefits of mastering being in the here and now are significant. According to an article published on an eco institute site "these health benefits include a reduction in stress which we all know reduces the risk for heart disease, lowering blood pressure, reducing recurring pain, and is a boost for our immune system. This boost is accomplished by increasing our antibodies and brain function by our body's response to our thoughts both positive and negative."
You won't be leaving anything important behind if: You let go of old thoughts or let go of what if thoughts. You will however be gaining awareness and color and vibrancy in the moment you occupy by accepting what is happening right this moment and all this moment is giving to you.
Let go of the Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda mindset: Each new moment that presents its gift to you has the ability to be a gift for your heart and soul. Give in to what is being offered by enveloping yourself in the passion, authenticity and energy of now. By letting go of your expectation of what the moment could or should or would bring, allow the moment to unfold in all its organic splendor and guide you.
No Restrictions. In helping my clients set goals and create their own avenues of accountability we create if/then statements. For example: A client wants to lose 10 pounds by the end of the month. The if/then statement might say, "If I feel like having a sugary snack after dinner then I will drink a hot apple cider or munch on an apple instead." In the present or gift of presence this would be the one time when your prepared mind could hinder complete flow of enjoyment. Let go of the if/then thinking and align your mind with the here/now thinking. Notice how much more rich and emotional the here/now mind perceives life in its raw and real time. If/then changes your course and forces you to control the gift of the present which then has the potential to control the outcome. Here/now allows you to just enjoy flow in the moment for what it is without the stress of barriers or diversion.
Sense your way to presence. Play a mind game with yourself by paying attention to each of your senses, one at a time. This activity is great practice for presence and being mindful of the here and now. Pay attention to your breath, carefully watch how your hands touch things, observe what is going on right in front of you, concentrate on the smells all around you and see if you can name them, really dissect the flavors of your next meal, listen carefully when someone is speaking to you and try to detect the many levels of emotion being used in the conversation.
Purposefully create daily moments of presence. Go a different route home from work, eat lunch in a different location or pack a lunch that is different than what you normally eat, skip lunch completely and pamper yourself instead, take your hobby with you wherever you go and work on it at least once during the day away from home, learn something new today and bring it up in conversation. The opportunity for an awe moment is created in being present with intentional attention.
In the winter time I enjoy washing the dishes, even with dish gloves on because I am so comforted by the warm water cuddling my cold hands. It is a daily, year round chore but at this time of year the cold is a stark reminder of the blessing of heat. My appreciation level for warm water and keeping my family healthy soars. I find myself actually looking forward to this chore and instead of washing dishes 3 or 4 times a day to keep up with the mess I let it pile up so that I can spend real time appreciating the warmth. Bizarre, I know, but the presence it creates is magical.
Top Tips For Staying Warm This Winter
In the middle of winter it can get so cold that you start coming
up with unique ways of how to cover every part of you so there is not
one piece of skin exposed. OK. So, we live in Australia and it doesn't
get as cold here as it does in some parts of the world but some of us
sorry souls feel the cold in their bones as soon as it drops below 25
degrees and we need a firm strategy on how to stay warm when this
happens.
Short of wearing gloves while you're trying to use Instagram on your phone or donning a balaclava at the supermarket to keep your face extremities warm, we've got our top tips to share for staying toasty during the winter months.
Drink hot chocolate and herbal teas
Warming yourself from the inside out is our top tip for winter happiness. A good old-fashioned hot chocolate will warm the spirits and herbal teas come infused with lots of natural, healthy bits and pieces that can help warm and cleanse your interior leaving you feeling fresh and invigorated. Ginger for example is ideal for boosting circulation and is well known for its flu-fighting powers. Peppermint tea is good for the liver and full of antioxidants. There's loads of herbal teas to choose from which promote a healthy body. Take that winter.
There are some beautiful designs coming out of Australian businesses. Hand woven, geometric throws are not only going to keep you really warm but also add a vibrant spot of colour to your boring old couch. But maybe you want to really take it to the extreme and nothing says 'I'm freezing' more than knitting your own woolly blanket with industrial-sized needles with wool made for giants. Of course, you can also buy a pre-knitted blanket but then you don't get to keep those over-sized knitting needles as a memento of your mad knitting skills.
Buy a hot water bottle
Nana is making a come back (see knitting in previous top tip) and hot water bottles are no exception. These little beauties just need hot water and they will give you hours of love. Speaking of nana, why not get crafty and return your hot water bottles favour by crocheting a cover for extra-pretty and a warm cuddle on the couch. Who needs humans when you can enjoy the company of this less chatty, super warm and well-dressed friend?
Layer up
There's a reason dressing in layers is so popular, because us coldies are donning all our clothes at once in an attempt to buffet winter chills. Thankfully it's a fashion statement but don't overdo it and end up looking like that walking marshmallow-thing at the end of Ghostbusters. Be savvy and choose thermals and woolly tights as your under-garments with items like merino wool over the top. Not too sexy in the undressing sense, but hey, you're warm.
It's hard to get motivated to exercise in winter because it's cold outside but you need to see the end goal and the end goal is good! Working out for just a short time each day releases feel-good chemicals which help fight winter blues. Exercising outdoors helps increase the lack of Vitamin D you may be experiencing due to less sunshine. Dress in a thermal and get going quickly. In no time you'll be feeling that burn and repelling the cold. Not only are you now a cold-fighting machine you're also getting a pretty good body in preparation for summer. Yes!
Snuggle
If you decide you do need more than just the hot-hearted company of a water bottle and a little human interaction might actually help with your sanity during the shorter days, then you might as well use this person for extra warmth. Get close, get personal and snuggle your way through winter in the only way two beings generating their own power can. A pet can also work in this capacity - but they may smell more, so up to you.
Short of wearing gloves while you're trying to use Instagram on your phone or donning a balaclava at the supermarket to keep your face extremities warm, we've got our top tips to share for staying toasty during the winter months.
Drink hot chocolate and herbal teas
Warming yourself from the inside out is our top tip for winter happiness. A good old-fashioned hot chocolate will warm the spirits and herbal teas come infused with lots of natural, healthy bits and pieces that can help warm and cleanse your interior leaving you feeling fresh and invigorated. Ginger for example is ideal for boosting circulation and is well known for its flu-fighting powers. Peppermint tea is good for the liver and full of antioxidants. There's loads of herbal teas to choose from which promote a healthy body. Take that winter.
Get under a really warm blanket
Warming yourself from the inside out is our top tip for winter happiness
There are some beautiful designs coming out of Australian businesses. Hand woven, geometric throws are not only going to keep you really warm but also add a vibrant spot of colour to your boring old couch. But maybe you want to really take it to the extreme and nothing says 'I'm freezing' more than knitting your own woolly blanket with industrial-sized needles with wool made for giants. Of course, you can also buy a pre-knitted blanket but then you don't get to keep those over-sized knitting needles as a memento of your mad knitting skills.
Buy a hot water bottle
Nana is making a come back (see knitting in previous top tip) and hot water bottles are no exception. These little beauties just need hot water and they will give you hours of love. Speaking of nana, why not get crafty and return your hot water bottles favour by crocheting a cover for extra-pretty and a warm cuddle on the couch. Who needs humans when you can enjoy the company of this less chatty, super warm and well-dressed friend?
Layer up
There's a reason dressing in layers is so popular, because us coldies are donning all our clothes at once in an attempt to buffet winter chills. Thankfully it's a fashion statement but don't overdo it and end up looking like that walking marshmallow-thing at the end of Ghostbusters. Be savvy and choose thermals and woolly tights as your under-garments with items like merino wool over the top. Not too sexy in the undressing sense, but hey, you're warm.
Exercise
Working out for just a short time each day releases feel-good chemicals which help fight winter blues.
It's hard to get motivated to exercise in winter because it's cold outside but you need to see the end goal and the end goal is good! Working out for just a short time each day releases feel-good chemicals which help fight winter blues. Exercising outdoors helps increase the lack of Vitamin D you may be experiencing due to less sunshine. Dress in a thermal and get going quickly. In no time you'll be feeling that burn and repelling the cold. Not only are you now a cold-fighting machine you're also getting a pretty good body in preparation for summer. Yes!
Snuggle
If you decide you do need more than just the hot-hearted company of a water bottle and a little human interaction might actually help with your sanity during the shorter days, then you might as well use this person for extra warmth. Get close, get personal and snuggle your way through winter in the only way two beings generating their own power can. A pet can also work in this capacity - but they may smell more, so up to you.
Sunday 15 February 2015
Pengertian dan Perbedaan Teori Ekonomi Mikro dan Makro
A. Pengertian Teori
Ekonomi Makro dan Mikro
Ekonomi berasal
dari bahasa yunani yaitu oikos
yang berarti rumah tangga dan nomos
ilmu, secara istilah ekonomi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari bagaimana manusia
mencukupi kebutuhannya yang tidak terbatas dengan sumberdaya yang terbatas guna
meningkatkan kesejahteraan manusia. Tokoh yang pertama kali menuliskan
permasalahan ekonomi adalah Aris Toteles dari Yunani, sehingga orang sekarang
menyebutnya sebagai Ahli Ekonomi pertama. Sesudah melalui masa yang sangat
panjang, barulah ilmu ekonomi mendapatkan bentuk serta takrif (definisi) yang
mantap seperti sekarang ini.
Selanjutnya,
ekonomi dibagi menjadi dua bagian besar. Dua bagian itu adalah: Teori Ekonomi
Mikro dan Teori Ekonomi Makro. Dengan melihat namanya sudah jelas, apa yang
dimaksud dengan kedua pembagian itu, sebab mikro artinya adalah kecil atau
sempit, sedangkan makro artinya adalah besar atau luas. Tetapi, pengetahuan
tentang arti kata-kata seperti itu saja tentulah belum memadai.
Sementara itu,
masalah perekonomian yang paling pokok meloputi tiga masalah yang fundamental
dan saling berkaitan, yakni what, how,
for whom goods should be produced, yang secara lengkap menunjukkan hubungan
yang erat antara produksi dengan konsumsi.
B. Perbedaan Teori Ekonomi
Mikro dan Makro
Teori Ekonomi
mikro dan Teori ekonomi makro sangatlah berbeda dan banyak, tetapi perbedaan
yang sangat banyak itu tidak akan disebutkan disini semuanya. Di bawah ini disebutkan
perbedaan-perbedaan yang penting-penting saja.
Pertama,
perbedaan yang paling pokok antara keduanya adalah tentang luas apit ruang
lingkupnya masing-masing. Kalau kita berbicara tentang firm (perusahaan) maka kita sedang membicarakan tentang teori ekonomi
mikro, sedangkan apabila kita membicarakan tentang berapa jumlah investasi yang dilakukan Indonesia dalam
satu tahun, maka kita sedang membicarakan teori ekonomi makro, kalau kita
sedang membicarakan harga yang ditentukan di suatu pasar tertentu, maka teori ekonomi
mikrolah yang kita bicarakan, tetapi apabila kita berbicara tentang cara yang
ampuh oleh pemerintah suatu negara untuk memperluas kesempatan kerja bagi
rakyatnya, maka kita sedang berbicara tentang teori ekonomi makro.
Kedua, adalah
perbedaan tentang kesempatan kerja (Employment)
antara teori ekonomi mikro dan teori ekonomi makro. Teori ekonomi mikro
mengatakan (mengasumsikan) bahwa semua sumber-sumber produktif sudah bekerja akan
dipergunakan sepenuhnya (full employed),
sedangkan teori ekonomi mikro bertolak belakang dengan dari anggapan dasar yang
mengatakan sudah berada dalam keadaan full
employed, dalam teori ekonomi makro yang menjadi anggapan dasarnya adalah bahwa
sesuatu perekonomian tidak selalu berada dalam keadaan full employed, tetapi mungkin sekali masih tetap pengangguran (unemployed). Disamping itu, di dalam
teori ekonomi mikro diatas pula dikatakan bahwa semua barang yang dihasilkan
pasti terjual habis. Tidak pernah ada barang yang tidak laku.
Selanjutnya,
teori ekonomi mikro itu sering disebut orang dengan sebutan yang lain, yaitu price theory (Teori Harga).sebutan
seperti itu diberikan, sebab terikatnya teori ekonomi mikro mempelajari tentang
harga, yaitu tentang gerak-gerik harga serta segala akibat daripadanya, dan
tentang bagaimanakah harga itu ditetapkan.
Adapun teori
ekonomi makro, sering pula disebut orang dengan employment theory (Teori Kesempatan Kerja). Sebab diberikannya
sebutan itu karena pangkal pembahasannya yang berkisar-kisar pada kesempatan
kerja. Tujuan seluruh pembahasan inti dalam teori ekonomi makro adalah keadaan full employment.
Friday 13 February 2015
Pengertia, Syariah, Thariqat, Hakikat, dan Ma'rifat
1.
Syari’ah
Syari’ah berarti jalan,
peraturan, undang-undang tentang sesuatu perbuatan. ia berasal dari bahasa arab yaitu
: شرع يشرع
شريعة شرعة yang artinya “Menggariskan suatu aturan
atau pedoman. Disamping itu syari’ah secara leksikal berarti jalan menuju
perhimpunan air untuk diminum manusia, dan juga untuk binatang-binatan piaraan.
Secara istilah syari’ah (شريعة)
adalah undang-undang yang dibuat oleh Allah SWT, yang tegak di atas dasar iman
dan islam, berupa seperangkat hukum tentang perbuatan zhahir/formal manusia yang
diatur berdasarka wahyu al-quran dan hadits/sunnah. Dengan makna ini, maka
syari’ah bermakna sama dengan terma “agama” atau ad-din. Dengan
demikian, syari’ah identik dengan agama islam itu sendiri, sebagai seperangkat
aturan Allah yang diwahyukan kepada Nabi Muhammad untuk dijelaskan kepada semua
manusia agar menjadi way of life bagi kehidupan, agar mereka mencapai
hidup baik, bahagia dan selamat di dunia dan akhirat.[1]
Menurut Muhammad Ali
at-Tahanuwi Syari’ah adalah hukum Allah SWT yang ditetapkan untuk hamba-Nya
(manusia) yang disampaikan melalui para nabi/rasul-Nya baik hukum yang yang
berhubungan dengan dengan amaliyah, hukum ini dimasukkan ke dalam ilmu fiqih
maupun hukum yang berhubungan dengan akidah, hukum ini dimasukkan ke dalam ilmu
kalam/tauhid. Bagi syekh Mahmud Syaltutالله عليه رحمة , syari,at
mengandung arti hukum dan tata aturan yang disyari’atkan oleh Allah ‘Azza wa
Jalla bagi hamba-Nya untuk diikuti. Faruq Nabhan mengartikan sayri’at
sebagai “ segala sesuatu yang disyari’atkan Allah ‘Azza wa Jalla kepada
hambanya”. Dari beberapa definisi tersebut, dapat dapat disimpulkan bahwa
syri’at itu identik dengan agama (din/millah).[2]
Hal ini sejalan dengan firman Allah ‘Azza wa Jalla dalam
surat al-Maidah :48
وانزلنااليك
الكتب بالحق مصدقالمابين يديه من الكتب ومهيمناعليه فاحكم بماانز الله ولاتتبع
اهواءهم عماجاءك من الحق لكل جعلنا منكم شرعة واحدة ولكن ليبلوكم في مااتاكم
فاستبقوا الخيرات الى الله مرجعكم جميعا فينبئكم بماكنتم فيه تختلفون.
Artinya :”Dan Kami telah turunkan kepadamu Al-qur’an dengan
membawa kebenaran, membenarkan apa yang sebelumnya yaitu kitab-kitab yang
diturunkan sebelumnya dan batu ujian terhadap kitab-kitab yang lain itu; maka
putuskanlah perkara mereka menurut apa yang Allah turunkan dan janganlah kamu
mengikuti hawa nafsu mereka dengan meninggalkan kebenaran yang telah datang
kepadamu untuk tiap-tiap umat diantara kamu, Kami berikan aturan dan jalan yang
terang sekiranya Allah menghendaki niscaya kamu dijadikannya satu umat (saja),
tetapi Allah hendak menguji kamu terhadap pemberian-Nya kepadamu, maka
berlomba-lombalah berbuat kebajikan. Hanya kepada Allah-lah kembali kamu
semuanya, lalu diberitahukan-Nya kepadamu apa yang telah kamu perselisihkan
itu,” (QS.Al Maidah:48)[3]
Syari’ah dalam kontek kajian hukum islam lebih menggambarkan
kumpulan norma-norma hukum yang merupakan hasil dari proses tasyri’.
Maka di dalam membahas syari’ah diawali dengan membahas tasyri’. Tasyri’
adalah menciptakan dan menerapkan syari’at. Dalam kajian hukum islam, tasyri’
sering didefinisikan sebagai penerpan norma-norma hukum untuk menata kehidupan
manusia, baik dalam hubunganya dengan Tuhan maupun ddengan umat manusia lainya.
Sesuai dengan obyek penerapanya, maka para ulama’ membagi tasyri’ ke
dalam 2 bentuk, yaitu tasyri’ samawi dan tasyri’ wadl’i.
Tasyri’ samawi adalah penetapan
hukum yang langsung dari Allah dan Rasulnya dalam al-Qur’an dan sunnah.[4]
Ketentuan-ketentuan tersebut bersifat abadi dan tidak berubah
karena tidak ada yang kompeten yang mengubahnya selain Allah sendiri. Contoh
sholat, zakat, puasa, dll
Tasyri’ wadl’i adalah
penentuan hukum yang dilakukan para mujtahid . ketentuan-ketentuan hukum hasil
kajian mereka ini tidak memiliki sifat mutlak, tetapi bisa berubah-ubah karena
merupakan nalar para ulama’ yang tidak lepas dari salah karena dipengaruhi oleh
pengalaman keilmuan mereka serta kondisi lingkungan dan dinamika sosial budaya
masyarakat di sekitarnya.[5]
Sehingga hasil produk ijtihad yang dihasilkan oleh mereka bisa saja di
rekonstruksi karena disesuaikan dengan dimensi
kondisi, waktu, kultural, situasi dan tempat yang ada.
Demikianlah makna syari’ah pada asalnya. Selanjutnya, seiring
dengan perkembangan keimuan islam terutama perluasan katagori tubuh keilmuanya,
maka syari’ah disimplikasikan menjadi aspek tertentu dari ilmu agama islam.
Syari’ah dikatakan sebagai aspek hukum
islam yang bersifat asali yang mengatur perbuatan dzahir manusia dalam setting
ketentuan fardlu, wajib, sunnah, mubah, dan haram. Ketentuan-ketentuan hukum
syari’ah tersebut lazim disebut dengan
hukum taklifi.
Dari uraian di atas menjadi
jelas bahwa syari’ah merupakan ajaran hukum yang kemudian menelorkan
satu disiplin ilmu tersendiri yang disebut dengan ilmu fiqh (Fikih), yaitu ilmu
yang mengupayakan ditetapkanya hukum-hukum syara’ hasil ijtihad para ulama’
dengan berbagai corak dan madzhabnya.[6]
Kalau syari’at adalah ajaran hukum islam yang bersifat umum dan universal, tersurat
dan tersirat dalam teks al-Qur’an dan hadits, sedangkan fiqih adalah
hukum-hukum produk para ulama’ yang besifat juknis dari suatu perbuatan
manusia baik menyangkut ibadah mahdloh seperti sholat, puasa dan zakat dll dan
juga ibadah ghoiru mahdloh seperti muamalah, siyasah jinayah, munakahat, ta’awun
sesama muslim dll.
2.
Thariqat
Thariqat secara bahasa berasal dari bahasa arab “طريقة” yang diambil dari طرق يطرق طريق yang berarti
melewati suatu jalan, yang juga bersinonim dengan kata شارع, سبيل dan درب yakni jalan
tembusan. Secara leksikal, kata طريقة mempunyai sinonim dengan kata اسلوب dan
كيفية yang berarti way, method, precedure,
tehnique yaitu jalan, cara
,prosedur, tehnik dan proses. Terkadang juga berarti مذهب (aliran paham), dan وسيلة yang berarti sarana atau
perantara.[7]
Dalam kajian sufistik, thariqah
yang selanjutnya di tulis dengan tarekat sebagaimana dijelaskan oleh Abu
Bakar Aceh yang dikutip oleh Mustafa Zahri adalah jalan atau petunjuk melakukan
ibadah tertentu sesuai dengan ajaran yang dicontohkan oleh Nabi Muhammad SAW,
yang diteruskan para sahabat,tabi’in dan tabi’it tabi’in secara turun temurun
hingga para ulama’ atau guru-guru tasawwuf secara berantai (membentuk sebuah
silsilah/sanad tarekat) hingga kepada kita sekarang ini.
Menurut Amin al Kurdi mendinifisikan bahwa thariqat :
الطريقة هي العمل بالشريعة والاخذ بعرائمها والبعد عن التساهل فيما
لاينبغي الثساهل فيه
Artinya : Thariqah adalah pengalaman syari’ah dan secara serius
mengamalkan ketentuan-ketentuan secara serius mengamalkan
ketentuan-ketentuanya, menjauhkan diri dari sikap mempermudah yang memang
seharusnya tidak diperbolehkan mempemudahkan. Secara operasional, thariqah
berarti :
اجتناب المنهيات ظاهراوباطنا وامتثال الاوامر الالهية بقدر الطاقة
Artinya : meenjauhkan cegahan-cegahan agama secara zhahir dan
batin, serta melaksanakan perintah-perintah tuhan sekuat tenaga.[8]
Bila syari’ah untuk memperbaiki wilayah dhahir atau badan jasmani,
agar manusia menyembah-Nya. Maka
thariqah berguna untuk memperbaiki hati supaya manusia dapat menuju
kepada-Nya.
Guru dalam thariqat yang sudah melembaga itu disebut Mursyid,
adapun pengikutnya disebut murid, setiap thariqat memiliki amalan atau ajaran
wirid tertentu, tata tertib dan upacara-upacara lainnya yang membedakan antara
satu thariqat dengan thariqat yang lain, keberadaan murid dihadapan gurunya
bagaikan mayit yang yang tak berdaya apa-apa. Dan karena thariqat adalah jalan
yang harus dilalui untuk mendekatkan diri kepada Allah, maka orang yang
menjalankan thariqat itu harus menjalankan syari’at dan harus menjalankan
unsur-unsur sebagai berikut:
1.
Mempelajari
ilmu pengetahuan yang berkaitan dengan syariat agama.
2.
Mengamati
dan berusaha semaksimal mungkin untuk mengikuti jejak gurunya dan melaksanakan
perintahnya dan menjahui larangannya.
3.
Tidak
mencari-cari keringanan dalam beramal agar tercapai kesempurnaan yang hakiki.
4.
Berbuat
dan mengisi waktu seefisien mungkin dengan segala wirid dan do’a guna
pemantapan dan kekhusyuan dalam mencapai maqomat yang lebih tinggi.
5.
Mengekang
hawa nafsu yang dapat menodai amal.[9]
Jadi eksestensi thariqah terhadap dinul islam hanya merupakan salah
satu fasilitas keilmuan dan praktek latihan ruhani, guna menuju pada
taqarruban inda-lla(mendekatkan kepada Allah SWT) yang berlandaskan
pada cabang-cabang disiplin ilmu.[10]
Perubahan tasawwuf kedalam thariqat sebagai lembaga dapat dilihat
dari perseorangnya, yang kemudian berkembang menjadi thariqat yang lengkap
dengan simbol-simbol, seperti Thariqat Syuhrawardiyah dinisbatkan pada Diyah
al-Din al-Suhrawardi, Thariqat Qadariyah dinisbatkan pada Abdul Qodir jaelani,
Thariqat Rifa’iyah dinisbatkan pada Ahmad Ibn al-Rifa’i, Thariqat Jasafiyah
dinisbatkan pada Ahmad al-Jasafi, Thariqat Sadziliyah dinisbatkan pada Abu
Madyan Shuhaib, Thariqat Mauliyah dinisbatkan pada Jalaluddin Rumi, dari sekian
banyak aliran thariqat tersebut, terdapt sekurang-kurangnya tujuh aliran
thariqat yang berkembang di Indonesia yaitu, Thariqat Qadariyah, Rifa’iyah, Naqsayabandiyah,
Sammaniyah, Khalwatiyah, al-Haddad, dan Khalidiyah.[11]
Selanjutnya, dari sekian banyak thoriqat, terdapat tata cara pelaksanaan
thariqat, antara lain:
a.
Zikir,
yaitu ingat terus-menerus kepada Allah dalam hati serta menyebutkan dengan
lisan.
b.
Ratib,
yaitu mengucap lafadl la ilaaha illa Allah dengan gaya, gerak dan irama
tertentu.
c.
Muzik,
yaitu dalam membacakan wirid dan syair tertentu diiringi dengan bunyi-bunyian
seperti memukul rebana.
d.
Menari,
yaitu gerak yang dilakukan mengiringi wirid-wirid dan bacaan tertentu untuk
menimbulkan kekhidmatan.
e.
Bernafas,
yaitu mengatur cara bernafas pada waktu melakukan zikir tertentu.[12]
3.
Haqiqat
Secara harfiah,
haqiqah berarti yang nyata, yang benar, dan yang sejati sesuatu itu
diketahui hakikatnya ketika telah menunjukkan kepastianya yang telah tetap,
sehingga tidak dapat diingkari lagi. Kata haqiqah berasal dari bahasa arab حقيقة yang
artinya secara leksikal adalah apa yang menjadi jati diri sesuatu. Secara
tradisi kebahasaan adalah :
مابه الشيء هو باعتبار تحققه حقيقة وباعتبارتشخصه هوية مع قطع النظر
عن ذالك ماهية
Artinya
: Haqiqah adalah apa yang menjadi inti sesuatu dari segi esensinya disebut
haqiqah (inti) dan dari penampakanya atau replikasinya dinamakan identitas
kedirian dan jika dipikirkan secara mendalam diketahui esensi dan substansinya.
Menurut para
pakar sastra, kata haqiqah yang selanjutnya ditulis dengan hakikat adalah suatu
keputusan/penelitian yang sesuai dengan realitasnya. Secara kualitatif, hakikat
merupakan sebuah esensi dzatiyah yang diletakkan pada pernyataan, keyakinan,
pendapat, pemahaman, dan aliran.
Menurut istilah
sufistik, sebagaimana dinyatakan oleh Zainuddin Ali al Malibary, dijelaskan
sebagai berikut :
الحقيقة هي وصول السالك الى المقصود وهو معرفة الله سبحانه وتعالى
ومشاهدة نورالتجلى,
وعند القشيري هي مشاهدة الربوبية اي رؤية اياهابقلبه.
Artinya :
Haqiqah adalah sampainya seorang sufi yang menempuh(jalan spiritual) tarekat
pada tujuanya, yaitu mengenal Allah SWT. Dan menyaksikan cahaya penampakan
Allah, yang mana menurut al Qusyairi adalah menyelami hadirat suci ketuhanan,
yakni bahwa seseorang melihat dari menyaksikan kebesaran tuhan dengan hatinya.[13]
Imam Ghazali
menerangkan, bahwa tajalli itu ialah terbukanya nur cahaya yang gaib
bagi hati seseorang. Sangat mungkin bahwa yang dimaksudkan dengan tajalli
disini ialah yang mutajalli, yaitu Allah ta’ala, sebab beliau dalam membedakan
syari’at dengan haqiqat, mengatakan sebagai berikut :
فالشريعة ان
تعبده والحقيقة ان تشهده
Artinya : syari’at adalah menyembah kepada Allah sedangkan haqiqat
adalah melihat kepadanya.
Lain daripada itu, sebagian ulama tasawwuf
mengatakan bahwa yang dimaksudkan dengan haqiqat itu ialah segala macam
penjelasan mengenai kebenaran sesuatu seperti syuhud asma’ dan shiffat demikian
juga syuhud dzat dan memahami rahasia-rahasia yang terkandung dalam cegahan dan
kebolehan. Isamping itu juga memahami ilmu-ilmu gaib yang tidak diperoleh dari
seorang guru.[14]
Dalam kaitan
ini, hakikat dimaksudkan dengan tingkat seseorang mengamalkan agama ini, serta
mengenal tujuan agama ini bagi manusia yaitu dapat menghadirkan dirinya sebagai
hamba yang sadar akan tuhanya, sehingga dapat menampilkan dirinya sebagai ideal
Allah. Selain itu dapat dipahami juga, bahwa hakikat adalah hasil seseorang
menempuh perjalanan hidup berdasarkan ajaran agamanya yang sebenarnya.[15]
Prof.Dr. H. Abu
Bakar Aceh dalam bukunya pengantar ilmu tarekat, menyimpulkan tentang ilmu
haqiqat itu ada 3 bagian yaitu :
1.
Haqiqat Tasawwuf
Haqiqat
tasawwuf ini diutamakan untuk membicarakan usaha-usaha memutuskan syahwat dan
meninggalkan dunia dengan segala keindahanya serta menarik diri serta
kebiasaan-kebisaan duniawi.
2.
Haqiqat Ma’rifat
Yaitu
mengenal nama-nama Allah dan sifat-sifat-Nya dengan bersungguh-sungguh dalam
segala pekerjaan dan ahwalnya.
3.
Haqiqatul Haqoiq
Haqiqat
ini merupakan puncak segala haqiqat. Ia termasuk martabat ahadiyah, penghimpun
dari semua haqiqat. Disebut juga dengan nama hadratul jama’ atau
hadratul wujud.[16]
4. Ma’rifat
Secara harfiah kata ma’rifat bersal dari bahasa arab معرفة yang bersinonim dengan kata علم yang artinya pengetahuan yang mantab dan
meyakinkan. Hanya saja kalau dirinci, terdapat perbedaan bahwa : kata عرف يعرف (derivasi kata معرفة ) berarti mengetahui dengan daya qalbiyah
sehingga bearati ادرك yang maksudnya
menemukan kemantapan hati tentang sesuatu yang dicari. Sedangkan kata علم يعلم (yang menjadi derifasi kata علم ) berarti memahami dan mengerti yang berbasis aqliyah.
Dengan demikian kata ma’rifat berarti pengetahuan batin yang berbasis kekuatan
kalbu sehingga membuahkan sesuatu, dan terasa dekat serta hadir dalam sesuatu
yang dikenali tersebut.
Menurut istilah sebagaimana dikatakan oleh pakar ilmu haqiqah
adalah :
المعرفة هي العلم بأسماءالله تعالى وصفاته مع الصدق لله تعالى في
معاملته وجميع احواله ودوام مناجاته في السر والرجوع اليه في كل شيء والتطهر من الاخلاق والاوصاف الرديئة.
Artinya : Ma’rifat adalah mengerti dan memehami nama-nama Allah
SWT. Dan sifat-sifat-Nya secara jujur dan tulus untuk berintraksi denga-Nya dan
serius dalam segala kondisinya, dan senantiasa berkoneksi dengan-Nya dalam
kondisi suasana sirri, serta berupaya kembali kepada-Nya dalam segala
sesuatunya dengan membersihkan dirinya dari sifat-sifat rendah tercela.[17]
Dalam arti sufistik ini ma’rifat diartikan sebagai pengertian
pengetahuan mengenai tuhan melalui hati sanubari. Pengetahuan itu demikian
lengkap dan jelas sehingga jiwanya merasa satu dengan dengan yang diketahui itu
yaitu tuhan. Selanjutnya dalam literatur yang diberikan tentang ma’rifat
sebagai dikatakan Harun Nasution, ma’rifat berarti mengetahui Tuhan dari dekat,
sehingga hati sanubari dapat melihat Tuhan. Oleh karena itu orang-orang sufi
mengatakan :
1.
Kalau
mata yang terdapat dalam hati sanubari manusia terbuka, mata kepalanya akan
tertutup, dan ketika itu yang dilihatnya hanya Allah
2.
Ma’rifat
adalah cermin, kalau seorang arif melihat kecermin itu yang akan dilihatnya
hanyalah Allah.
3.
Yang
dilihat orang arif baik sewaktu tidur maupun sewaktu bangun hanya Allah.
4.
Sekiranya
ma’rifat mengambil bentuk materi, semua orang yang melihat padanya akan mati
karena tak tahan melihat kecantikan serta keindahanya. Dan semua cahaya akan
menjadi gelap disamping cahaya keindahan yang gilang gemilang.[18]
Karenanya ma’rifatullah bagi salik akan mampu mengantarkan kepada
hidup yang mencapai kebeningan ruh, hati, dan jiwa. Sehingga ketentraman dan
keterangan kepribadianya akan mampu mengantarkan pada pelaksanaan dan pengamalan
neraca syari’at, neraca mental dan keperibadian. Seorang salik yang telah
mencapai kedudukan ruhani dan ruhi ma’rifatullah, dunia ini laksana dedaunan
yang semakin lama akan semakin layu dan mengering. Sementara, ia memahami bahwa
di kehidupan seorang manusia yang maha luas adalah merapakan rahmatan dan kasih
sayang Allah azza wa jalla. Bagi seorang salik yang telah ma’rifatullah,
ia tidak lagi mampu mengucapkan, memikirkan, dan menggagaskan mengenai asma,
sifat, dan dzat-Nya. Sebab, baginya Allah azza wa jalla adalah segala-galanya
dan totalitas Mahakuasa dan Mahabesar itu sendiri.[19]
KESIMPULAN
Syari’at, thariqat, haqiqat dan ma’rifat merupakan maqam yang ada
di dunia tasawwuf yang harus ditempuh secara bertahap oleh seorang murid dalam menjalani
suluk/mistik untuk mencapai kepada maqam tajalli (terbukanya nur cahaya
yang gaib bagi hati seseorang). Adapun perbedaan yang ada pada maqam-maqam
tersebut adalah sebagai berikut :
1.
Syari’at
(شريعة) adalah undang-undang yang dibuat oleh
Allah SWT, yang tegak di atas dasar iman dan islam, berupa seperangkat hukum
tentang perbuatan zhahir/formal manusia yang diatur berdasarka wahyu al-quran
dan hadits/sunnah. Kaitanya dengan dunia tasawwuf syari’at bagaikan perahu yang
harus dinaiki oleh seseorang untuk mengaruhi sebuah lautan luas.
2.
Thariqat ) طريقة
) adalah jalan atau petunjuk melakukan ibadah tertentu sesuai dengan ajaran
yang dicontohkan oleh Nabi Muhammad SAW, yang diteruskan para sahabat,tabi’in
dan tabi’it tabi’in secara turun temurun hingga para ulama’ atau guru-guru
tasawwuf secara berantai (membentuk sebuah silsilah/sanad tarekat) hingga
kepada kita sekarang ini.
3.
Haqiqah ) حقيقة)
adalah sampainya seorang sufi yang menempuh(jalan spiritual) tarekat pada
tujuanya, yaitu mengenal Allah SWT. Dan menyaksikan cahaya penampakan Allah,
yang mana menurut al Qusyairi adalah menyelami hadirat suci ketuhanan, yakni
bahwa seseorang melihat dari menyaksikan kebesaran tuhan dengan hatinya.
4.
Ma’rifat
(معرفة) adalah mengerti dan memehami nama-nama
Allah SWT. Dan sifat-sifat-Nya secara jujur dan tulus untuk berintraksi
denga-Nya dan serius dalam segala kondisinya, dan senantiasa berkoneksi
dengan-Nya dalam kondisi suasana sirri, serta berupaya kembali kepada-Nya dalam
segala sesuatunya dengan membersihka dirinya dari sifat-sifat rendah tercela.
Dalam arti
sufistik ini ma’rifat diartikan sebagai pengertian pengetahuan mengenai tuhan
melalui hati sanubari. Pengetahuan itu demikian lengkap dan jelas sehingga
jiwanya merasa satu dengan dengan yang diketahui itu yaitu tuhan.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1] Tim Penyusun MKD, Akhlaq Tasawwuf (Surabaya:IAIN Sunan Ampel Press.2012) hal
275-276
[2] Tim Penyusun MKD, Studi Hukum Islam (Surabaya:IAIN
Sunan Ampel Press.2012) hal 36-37
[3]
Departemen Agama RI, Al Qur an dan terjemahanya
(Jakarta:Mushaf syarifah, 1971)
[4] Tim Penyusun MKD, Pengantar studi islam
(Surabaya:IAIN Sunan Ampel Press:2012) hal 60-61
[5] Ibid hal 61
[6] Tim penyusun MKD,Pengantar studi islam
(Surabya,IAIN Sunan Ampel press:2012) hal 279-280
[7] Ibid 280-281
[8]
ibid
[9] Abudin Nata, Akhlaq Tasawuf,(Jakarta:
PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 1997), 271-272
[10]Miftahul lutfhi Muhammad, Tasawwuf
Implementatif, (Surabaya:DIS Ma,had TeeBee, 2004) 17-18
[11] Nata, Akhlaq Tasawuf...hal.273
[12] Ibid hal. 276-277
[13] Ibid hal 289
[14] K.Permadi, Pengantar ilmu Tasawwuf,
(Jakarta:PT Rineka Cipta,1997) hal 56-57
[15] Ibid hal 291
[16]
K. Permadi....hal 57-58
[17]
Ibid hal 291-292
[18] H.Abudin Nata, Akhlak Tasawwuf (Jakarta:PT
Raja Grafindo Persada,1997) hal 220-221
[19]
Miftahul lutfhi Muhammad, Tasawwuf
Implementatif, (Surabaya:DIS Ma,had TeeBee, 2004)
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